AMAZING HEALTH BENEFITS OF BLACK SEED (NIGELLA SATIVA)

Written by Slawomir Gromadzki, MPH

 

WHAT IS BLACK SEED

Black seed (Nigella sativa) comes from a flowering plant which grows in Southwest Asia and the Middle East. Its fruit is large and contains numerous small black seeds.

SOURCES

Currently, the main sources of black seed are primarily India, Turkey and Egypt.

NAMES

Depending on geographical regions, the black seed is known by different names including black coriander, charnushka (or czarnuszka), kalonji, black onion, black caraway or black cumin. However, it shouldn’t be confused with black sesame, true cumin (Cuminum cyminum), or especially black cumin (Bunium bulbocastanum) as black seed comes from a completely different plant not even related to them.

HISTORY

Historical accounts of Black seed use date back as far as the times of Tutankhamun, the famous Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th dynasty who lived in 1332–1323 BC.

The black seed oil was found in his tomb. Queen Cleopatra used black cumin oil to maintain beautiful skin and hair. Also, Hippocrates, known as the “Father of Medicine” was recommending it for various ailments, especially digestive complaints.

AMAZING HEALTH BENEFITS OF BLACK SEED (NIGELLA SATIVA)

NUTRITIONAL CONTENT & ACTIVE INGREDIENTS

Black seed holds a complex mixture of various ingredients with the four major ones known as Thymoquinone (TQ), Thymohydroquinone (THQ), Alpha Hederine, and Nigellon.

It is a rich source of unsaturated fatty acids Omega 6 & 9, Vitamins & Minerals, including Copper, Iron, Phosphorus and Zinc.

Black seed also contains Thymol, Nigellone, Saponins, Carvacrol, T-anethole, 4-terpineol, Carvone, Limonene, Citronellol, Alkaloids, and some Omega 3 fatty acids in the form of alpha linolenic acid.

FATTY ACIDS

5 ml (1 teaspoon) of cold-pressed Black seed oil contains approximately:

Linoleic Acid (Omega 6) – 2500mg

Oleic Acid (Omega 9) – 1100mg

Alpha-Linoleic Acid (Omega 3) – 10mg

Looking at the content you may think that Black seed oil can’t be so healthy because it is high in Omega 6 polyunsaturated linoleic acid which is also the key pro-inflammatory fatty acid in bad commercial refined oils such as sunflower oil, soya oil, corn oil, vegetable oil and margarine.

IS THE HIGH CONTENT OF OMEGA 6 IN BLACK SEED OIL A BAD THING

The same fatty acid in Black seed oil is healthy due to the following reasons:

– Unlike refined commercial oils, the Black seed oil is cold-pressed and raw (not heated) and therefore will not generate free radicals.

– Consumption of linoleic acid with commercial bad oils is very high and therefore harmful (they are abundant in many very popular foods) but the daily intake of Black seed oil should be only 1-2 teaspoons a day.

– Linoleic acid is still an essential fatty acid which we need every day but in a small amounts (we need more omega 3 than omega 6).

– Part of Linoleic acid is even converted in our body to gamma-linolenic acid (found especially in starflower oil and evening primrose oil) which is very beneficial for our nervous system, immune system, hormonal balance, blood glucose and cholesterol levels (>), blood pressure, and have anti-inflammatory properties (>).

– Unfortunately, part of linoleic acid (omega 6) is also converted to arachidonic acid – which is known to trigger inflammation (including in the brain, thus contributing to depression and other problems) but only if its levels are high. Since Black seed oil is consumed in small amounts it is only beneficial and harmless. The key source of arachidonic acid is meat and dairy. Significant amounts are also converted from the mentioned above bad oils and margarine.

HEALTH BENEFITS

Published in 2013 excellent review on the therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa, summarised the possible health benefits of this herb in the following way: “The original research articles published so far have confirmed the pharmacological potential of N. sativa seeds, its oil and extracts and some of its active principles, particularly TQ and alpha-hederin, possess remarkable in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities against a large variety of diseases and found to be relatively safe.” (>)

AMAZING HEALTH BENEFITS OF BLACK SEED OIL (NIGELLA SATIVA OIL)

ANTIOXIDANT

Thymoquinone acts as a free radical scavenger and helps preserve in the body the most powerful antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase, known as key detoxifiers which protect body cells and liver against damage caused by various toxins.

Apart from thymoquinone several other compounds found in Nigella sativa, such as carvacrol, t-anethole and 4-terpineol, are responsible for its potent antioxidant properties (>).

ACETYLCHOLINE BOOSTER

Thymohydroquinone, one of the key active ingredients of Nigella sativa, is now regarded as one of the most potent natural acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors which inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme from breaking down acetylcholine. In this way, thymohydroquinone prolongs the time the neurotransmitter acetylcholine remains active in the brain.

It means that without causing side effects Nigella sativa could replace the pharmaceutical-grade acetylcholinesterase inhibitors that are used to treat a wide range of conditions, including glaucoma, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, autism, myasthenia gravis, neurodegenerative conditions or schizophrenia! (>)

ALLERGIES & ASTHMA

The Black seed oil contains nigellone, shown by research to be an impressive antihistamine agent, which can be very beneficial in helping reduce symptoms of allergies and hay fever that are associated with increased levels of histamine.

In a 2011 study published in the American Journal of Otolaryngology, black seed oil was found to reduce allergic symptoms including nasal congestion, itching, runny nose, and sneezing after two weeks (>).

Apart from being beneficial for relieving allergies, black seed oil has been traditionally used for centuries for easing respiratory problems including asthma. Nigella sativa helps asthmatics in many different ways, it lowers histamine levels (>), kills bacteria that often trigger or contribute to asthma, has anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties (>), and dilates contracted bronchial tubes improving breathing during an asthma attack.

Numerous studies have provided evidence that black seed oil has anti-allergic and anti-asthmatic effects and that depending on the cause of asthma, black seed oil sometimes appeared to be more effective than conventional treatment. In one study, thymoquinone, the main constituent of Nigella sativa (Black seed) has been shown to be superior to the drug fluticasone in an animal model of asthma (>).

Found in the Nigella sativa compound nigellone has been researched and proven to have an anti-spasmodic effect dilating the bronchial tubes and bringing relief to asthma sufferers.

The Black seed oil also helps through its anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties as asthma is associated with inflammation and hypersensitivity of the immune.

Black seed was more commonly used against asthma in Europe after a certain experience which took place in Germany in 1995 when a doctor managed to cure his horse of acute asthma using Black seed. After that, the doctor prescribed black seed to one of his patients who as a result also got better and eventually recovered from asthma. That is probably one of the reasons why in Germany and Austria black seed oil is commonly prescribed for asthma.

Asthma sufferers who would like to try black seed oil should start with a low dose of not more than half a teaspoon once a day for about a week. Then the same amount but two times a day for another week and continue increasing the dosage in the same way up to one full teaspoon three times per day.

HAY FEVER (ALLERGIC RHINITIS)

Black seed oil is an effective and natural way to reduce the severity and duration of hay fever symptoms. It is believed that the anti-inflammatory properties of the Black seed oil help reduce nasal congestion and the severity of hay fever symptoms. Black seed oil also has an anti-histamine effect through which it helps reduce itching and other symptoms.

In an Iranian study on 66 allergic rhinitis sufferers, Black seed oil supplementation for one month significantly reduced hay fever symptoms such as nasal congestion, sneezing, and itching (>).

According to another study results, the administration of 40-80mg/kg/day of Black seed oil (half to one teaspoon of oil per day for an individual that weighs 70kg) reduced the severity of symptoms in 152 allergy sufferers (>). Study results suggest that Black seed oil may be an effective treatment for symptoms of hay fever.

DIABETES & BLOOD GLUCOSE

Scientists from the Indian Council of Medical Research concluded that Nigella sativa oil, “causes gradual partial regeneration of pancreatic beta-cells, increases the lowered serum insulin concentrations and decreases the elevated serum glucose.” (>) It means that Black seed is one of the few remedies that could help prevent and treat not type 2 but also type 1 diabetes in which own immune system destroys insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells!

In addition, according to the same study, Nigella sativa “improves glucose tolerance as efficiently as metformin; yet it has not shown significant adverse effects and has very low toxicity.”

Research has shown that Black Seed Oil supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and helps maintain normal blood sugar levels. According to the results of a 20016 systematic review on clinical trials, “Fasting blood sugar was reduced significantly in 13 studies. In addition, Nigella sativa reduced levels of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c)… Our systematic review revealed that N. sativa supplementation might be effective in glycemic control in humans.” (>)

LIVER HEALTH

In a recent animal study, it was found that black seed oil supports liver function and helps prevent both liver damage and various diseases of this organ. (>)

CANCER

In preliminary studies, Black seed oil was shown to inhibit the growth of colon cancer cells without causing any negative side effects.

According to research, thymoquinone (the key ingredient in black seed oil), helps induce apoptosis (cancer cell death) in leukaemia cells. Other studies have shown similar effect with regard to breast, pancreatic, cervical, and oral cancer cells as well as brain tumours. (>, >, >, >)

Animal studies found that both thymoquinone and thymohydroquinone have antitumour activity and resulted in a 52 % decrease in tumour cells. (>)

ORAL HEALTH

Black seed oil can be used as a natural addition to fluoride-free toothpaste as it has the ability to kill cavity-forming bacteria (>).

CANDIDA AND FUNGUS

Black seed oil helps fight Candida overgrowth, thrush and fungal infections in the digestive tract and on the skin. In thrush, it can be used both internally and externally.

CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH

Thymoquinone in black seed oil has been found to lower cholesterol levels, help normalize blood pressure and have a protective effect on the heart.

After six weeks of giving the diabetic animal subjects, low doses of the black seed, bad LDL cholesterol and sugar levels all came down while beneficial HDL cholesterol increased. (>)

Some research also demonstrated that the same black seed oil may be helpful in lowering high blood pressure. (>)

ANTIBACTERIAL & ANTIVIRAL

Nigella sativa contains thymol (found also in thyme essential oil), a natural monoterpene which is commonly used as a medical and general-purpose disinfectant to kill various viruses and bacteria, including TB.

According to a 2010 study, Nigella sativa oil was effective in overcoming Helicobacter pylori infections, which are known to contribute to stomach ulcers.

At the same time, it appears to be able to kill MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus).

Nigella sativa seems to be effective in killing various multi-drug resistant bacteria known as “superbugs”. A study conducted by Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College researchers has evaluated how potent Nigella sativa oil is against some of these superbugs compared to antibiotics, such as Tetracycline, Amoxicillin, or Gatifloxacin. According to the study, “Out of 144 strains tested, most of which were resistant to a number of antibiotics, 97 were inhibited by the oil of black cumin.” (>) The researchers suggested that few things on the planet can boast this type of potency to pathogens as thymoquinone, thymohydroquinone and thymol found in the black seed.

COVID-19 (CORONAVIRUS)

Cold-pressed organic Black Seed Oil (Nigella Sativa): 1 teaspoon 3 times a day with meals (or mix it with an equal amount of organic bee pollen or raw manuka honey and take 3 times 2 teaspoons). Studies demonstrated its most potent antiviral properties (including against Covid-19 and also HIV which uses the same pathways as coronavirus).

Here is an example of such a study (VIDEO >) (ARTICLE >).

In addition, you can also take Neem Oil, Propolis or Garlic extract (such as Allicin Max) or raw garlic. Garlic extract must be standardised for allicin as otherwise, it may not have antiviral properties.

According to my knowledge, the strongest natural remedy against coronavirus is Black seed oil & Neem oil as both showed the strongest antiviral properties able to kill even HIV which uses similar pathways as coronavirus.

If inspired by the above study you decide to mix Black seed oil with honey, make sure it is raw and truly organic honey as about 70% of them sold on the market are fake (with added sugar). I myself mixe organic cold-pressed Nigella sativa (Black seed oil) with an equal amount of organic bee pollen (you can also add some bee propolis) and take 1 teaspoon twice a day with meals as preventive or 2 teaspoons 3 times daily as a treatment if you are already infected with coronavirus, flu, cold, HIV and any other virus.

Black Seed Oil (Nigella sativa) contains thymol (found also in thyme essential oil), a natural monoterpene which is commonly used as a medical and general-purpose disinfectant to kill various viruses and bacteria, including TB.

Nigella sativa has been used with surprising results in alternative HIV protocols for years. This was a remarkable discovery, described by the researchers as follows: “Nigella sativa had been documented to possess many therapeutic functions in medicine but the least expected is sero-reversion in HIV infection which is very rare despite extensive therapy with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).” (>)

Black Seed Extract ‘Cures’ HIV Patient Naturally >

“Complete recovery and sero-reversion of adult HIV patient after the six months treatment with Nigella sativa.”

“Several repeats of the HIV tests remained sero-negative, aviraemia and normal CD4 count since 24 months without herbal therapy.” It means that two years after the treatment with Black seed was over there was no HIV nor antibodies against it found in the body and the helper T cell count (type of immune cells attacked by HIV) was normal!

“This case report reflects the fact that there are possible therapeutic agents in Nigella sativa that may effectively control HIV infection.”

– Black Seed Powder Reported to Have Cured 5 persons of HIV/AIDS in Published Studies > Read more about HIV and AIDS >

Covid‐19 and thymoquinone: Connecting the dots >

Read more about Black seed oil >

STOMACH ULCERS

In an animal study, 20 rats with stomach ulcers were treated using Nigella sativa. As a result, about 83% of the rats recovered. In addition, black seed caused no side effects and turned out to be as effective as a common medication used to treat stomach ulcers (>).

Another animal study showed that black seed and its active components prevented ulcer development and protected the lining of the stomach against the effects of alcohol (>).

According to a 2010 study, Nigella sativa oil was effective in overcoming Helicobacter pylori infections, which is known to contribute to stomach ulcers (>).

ULCERATIVE COLITIS

2012 study results indicate that thymoquinone (TQ) administration can prevent and improve murine DSS-induced colitis. These findings suggest that TQ could serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (>)

AUTOIMMUNE CONDITIONS

Unlike Echinacea which requires caution for those with autoimmune conditions, Nigella sativa seems to normalise the human immune system supporting its function without stimulating autoimmune responses in people with the oversensitive immune system. For this reason, the black seed oil is often recommended for people with various autoimmune problems. Due to its anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties black seed oil can be beneficial for people suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (>) and other autoimmune inflammatory conditions such as eczema or psoriasis.

There are numerous testimonials available online written by individuals who claim to be benefited by Nigella sativa.

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

Nigella sativa reduced autoimmune brain inflammation in rats with Multiple Sclerosis (>).

AIDS & HIV AMAZING HEALTH BENEFITS OF BLACK SEED (NIGELLA SATIVA)

HIV & AIDS

Nigella sativa has been used with surprising results in alternative HIV protocols for years. This was a remarkable discovery, described by the researchers as follows: “Nigella sativa had been documented to possess many therapeutic functions in medicine but the least expected is sero-reversion in HIV infection which is very rare despite extensive therapy with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).” (>)

– Black Seed Extract ‘Cures’ HIV Patient Naturally

“Complete recovery and sero-reversion of adult HIV patient after the six months treatment with Nigella sativa.”

“Several repeats of the HIV tests remained sero-negative, aviraemia and normal CD4 count since 24 months without herbal therapy.” It means that two years after the treatment with Black seed was over there was no HIV nor antibodies against it found in the body and the helper T cell count (type of immune cells attacked by HIV) was normal!

“This case report reflects the fact that there are possible therapeutic agents in Nigella sativa that may effectively control HIV infection.”

– Black Seed Powder Reported to Have Cured 5 persons of HIV/AIDS in Published Studies

Read more about HIV and AIDS

ANXIETY & BRAIN FUNCTION

Nigella sativa calmed and protected developing brains in rats, even though they were under stress (>). It reduced anxiety in mice (>).

Also in a human 4 weeks study, it decreased anxiety and improved mood and cognition in 48 adolescent male subjects. The treated participants took a daily dose of 1g of black cumin in capsule form (>).

It is believed that this effect is caused by increasing serotonin and GABA levels in the brain (>, >).

WEIGHT CONTROL & METABOLISM

It helps maintain normal body weight by improving metabolism. A systematic review and meta-analysis published in 2018, mentions the findings of 11 placebo-controlled clinical studies that show the ability of a Nigella sativa to help decrease body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (>).

SKIN & HAIR

Used externally, black seed oil promotes smooth and glowing skin and lustrous hair by supporting hair growth. It may also hydrate hair, soften skin and act as a moisturiser helping people with dry skin and scalp.

Some studies suggest that Nigella sativa may be very useful to reduce scars and prevent their formation on wounds.

Topically black seed oil is also used in acne, eczema and thrush.

According to Iranian researchers, Black seed can be as effective as the skin cream Betamethasone in decreasing the severity of eczema. (>)

FERTILITY

Researchers found that black seed oil improved sperm count, sperm motility and semen volume in men. (>) According to a scientific review of studies that took place between 2000 and 2014, Nigella sativa can “positively influence sperm parameters, semen, reproductive organs and sexual hormones.” (>)

It also helps women to recover from PCOS (caused by insulin resistance), the most frequent cause of infertility in women.

Read more about INFERTILITY >

GLAUCOMA

Some glaucoma sufferers claim black seed helps them to minimise symptoms by reducing pressure in the eye (often the key cause of the condition).

Here is an example of a testimonial posted by Khadar (Seattle, Wa) on 04/17/2016: “I had a glaucoma pressure over 18-20, which is not bad, but enough to bother me. What I found is Black seed oil and dried seeds which helped me really well.” (>)

The Black seed oil also helps glaucoma sufferers by increasing acetylcholine levels (>).

Read more about GLAUCOMA

ECZEMA & PSORIASIS

Black seed oil is also used for skin problems like eczema and psoriasis. It helps soothe inflammation and improve the speed and which skin heals.

DIGESTION

Black cumin seeds and oil are carminative, which means they can support digestion and decrease digestive problems including gas, bloating, and stomach pain (>).

PARASITES

Black seed oil is often recommended and successfully used for intestinal parasites especially when combined with other natural remedies such as Wormwood (>).

EPILEPSY

Nigella sativa was able to prevent seizures and convulsions (in several animal studies) and had anti-epileptic activity in children through its neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, calming & stress-relieving effect. “Thymoquinone was also effective and tolerable in children with intractable epilepsy in a randomized controlled clinical trial at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day orally > (Akhondian et al., 2011).

OTHER HEALTH BENEFITS

Black seed oil is helpful for the maintenance of a healthy nervous system. It stimulates the immune system (by increasing immunoglobulin production), helps fight infections, can be useful in managing headaches, sinusitis and bronchitis. It helps decrease body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference.

AMAZING HEALTH BENEFITS OF BLACK SEED OIL (NIGELLA SATIVA OIL)

RECOMMENDED DAILY INTAKE

Internally take one teaspoon (5ml) of the oil one to not more than three times a day with meals. Can also be used in salad dressing.

EXTERNAL USE

For external use, it can be used alone or mixed with an equal amount of other cold-pressed oils such as raw coconut oil or castor oil and applied to the skin as part of a daily skincare routine and to hair as an excellent hair tonic.

INTERACTIONS

It’s possible that black seed oil can increase the effects of certain medications including beta-blockers such as metoprolol (Lopressor) and the blood thinner warfarin (Coumadin) as black seed oil may slow blood clotting and together with warfarin it may increase the risk of bleeding.

SAFETY

Internal and external use of Nigella sativa seeds or oil is safe. No cases of toxicity have been reported except for two cases of contact dermatitis.

Since there is insufficient scientific data available concerning safety during pregnancy and breastfeeding talk to your doctor before using black seed oil if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, are currently taking any medication or have a medical condition. However, some sources claim that black cumin seed has anti-fertility and anti-oxytocin activity suggesting that for this reason it should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation.

ALLERGIC REACTION

In people with oversensitive immune system black seed may cause an allergic rash when taken by mouth or applied to the skin.

Therefore, before using black cumin essential oil topically, it’s a good idea to perform a patch test to make sure you don’t have a negative reaction to the oil. In order to perform a patch test, put some oil on a plaster, apply to your wrist and leave for 24-48 hours. If after that time you develop inflammation, irritation and rush it means you are allergic to the applied substance.

QUALITY & STORAGE

As with any natural oil, buying a Black seed oil check the shelf life (the fresher it is the better) and make sure it is 100% pure cold-pressed oil without any other oils or additives, stored in a dimmed container and fortified with an added antioxidant such as vitamin E to prevent its oxidation and rancidity. HealthAid Black Seed Oil is a good example which meets all the mentioned above criteria.

AMAZING HEALTH BENEFITS OF BLACK SEED OIL (NIGELLA SATIVA OIL)As with all oils, make sure to store your black seed oil away from heat and light. Store it in a fridge and use in 1 to not more than 2-3 months.

OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS

Implement principles from HEALTH RECOVERY PLAN >

RELATED ARTICLES

SOURCES

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=nigella+sativa

– A review on the therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa: A miracle herb https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3642442/

– Lei X, Liu M, Yang Z, Ji M, Guo X, Dong W. (2012) Thymoquinone Prevents and ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57(9):2296–2303.

– Ahmad, A., Husain, A. et al. (2013). A review on therapeutic potential on Nigella sativa: A miracle herb. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 3 (5), 337-352.

– Abdallah, E.M. (2017). Black Seed (Nigella sativa) As Antimicrobial Drug: A Mini-Review.

– Koshak, A., Yousif, N., Fiebich, B., et al (2019). Comparative Immunomodulatory Activity of Nigella sativa L. Preparations on Proinflammatory Mediators: A Focus on Asthma.  Front Pharmacol. 2018 Oct 2;9:1075.

– Bin Sayeed, M.S., Shams, T., Fahim Hossain, S., et al (2014) Nigella sativa L. seeds modulate mood, anxiety and cognition in healthy adolescent males. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014 Feb 27;152(1):156-62.

– Abdelmeguid, N.E., Fakhoury, A. et al. (2010). Effects of Nigella sativa and thymoquinone on biochemical and subcellular changes in pancreatic B cells. Journal of Diabetes. 2 (4), 256-266.

– Ahmad, A., Husain, A. et al. (2013). A review on therapeutic potential on Nigella sativa: A miracle herb. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 3 (5), 337-352.

– Bakathir, H.A., Abbas, N.A.  (2011). Detection of the Antibacterial Effect of Nigella Sativa Ground Seeds with Water. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines. 8 (2), 159–164.

– El Gazzar, M., El Mezayen, R., Marecki, J.C. et al. (2006).  Anti-inflammatory effect of thymoquinone in a mouse model of allergic lung inflammation. Internal  Immunopharmacology. 6 (7), 1135-1142.

– Halamova, K., Kokoska, L. et al. (2010). In vitro anti-fungal effect of black seed quinones against dairy spoilage yeasts at different acidity levels. Journal of Food Protocols. 73 (12), 2291-2295.

– Kapoor S. (2009). Emerging clinical and therapeutic applications of Nigella sativa in gastroenterology. World J Gastroenterol . 7 (9), 213-231.

– Kanter, M., Coskun, O., Uysal, H. (2006). The anti-oxidative and antihistaminic effect of Nigella sativa and its major constituent, thymoquinone on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage. Archives Toxicology. 80 (4), 217-224.

– Mansour, M.A., Nagi, M.N et al. (2002). Effects of thymoquinone on antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation and dt-diaphorase in different tissues of mice: a possible mechanism of action. Cell Biochemistry and Function. 20 (2), 143–151.

– Mashhadian, N., Rakhshandeh, N. (2005). Antibacterial and anti-fungal effects of Nigella sativa extracts against Saurous, Paeruginosa and Calbicans. Pak J Med Sci. 21 (5), 47–52.

– Norwood, A.A., Tucci, M., Benghuzzi, H. (2006).  A comparison of 5-fluorouracil and natural chemotherapeutic agents, EGCG and thymoquinone, delivered by sustained drug delivery on colon cancer cells. Biomedical Research.  43 (6), 272-277.

– Singh, S., Das, S.S.  et al. (2014). Composition, In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oil and Oleoresins Obtained from Black Cumin Seeds (Nigella sativa L.).  BioMed Research International. 10 (14), 209-215.

– Taha, M., Azeiz, A.Z. et al. (2010). Antifungal effect of Thymol, Thymoquinone, and Thymohydroxiquinone against yeasts, dermatophytes and non-dermatophyte molds isolated from skin and nails fungal infections. Egyptian Journal of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology. 28 (2), 109-115.

– Venkatachallam, S.K., Pattekhan, H. et al. (2010). Chemical composition of Nigella sativa L. seed extracts obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 47 (6), 598-605.

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